1. Earth’s Structure and Processes:

   • Structure and composition of the Earth
   • Plate tectonics and earthquakes
   • Volcanic activity

2. Landforms and Their Evolution:

   • Mountains, plateaus, and plains
   • Erosion, sedimentation, and landform evolution

3. Climate and Weather:

   • Climate types and classification (Köppen’s classification, etc.)
   • Weather patterns, monsoons, and climatic regions
   • Effects of global warming and climate change

4. Soil and Vegetation:

   • Soil types and their distribution
   • Soil erosion and conservation
   • Natural vegetation types and their distribution

5. Hydrology:

   • Water cycle, river systems, and drainage patterns
   • Lakes, wetlands, and glaciers

Human Geography:

1. Population Geography:

   • Population distribution, density, and growth
   • Migration patterns and their impacts

2. Economic Geography:

   • Agriculture: types, distribution, and issues
   • Industry: types, location factors, and distribution
   • Services and trade

3. Settlement Geography:

   • Types of settlements (rural vs. urban)
   • Urbanization and its problems

4. Regional Planning and Development:

   • Regional disparities and development issues
   • Planning strategies and policies

5. Environmental Issues:

   • Resource depletion (water, minerals, forests)
   • Environmental degradation (pollution, deforestation)
   • Conservation strategies and sustainable development

India-Specific Topics:

1. Physical Features of India:

   • Himalayas, Western and Eastern Ghats, and river systems
   • Desert and coastal regions

2. Climate and Agriculture:

   • Indian monsoon, agricultural practices, and cropping patterns

3. Resource Distribution:

   • Mineral resources, energy resources (coal, oil, renewable sources)
   • Forests and wildlife

4. Environmental Issues in India:

   • Pollution, climate change impacts, and natural disasters
   • Policies and initiatives for environmental conservation