18th Century

• Enlightenment: Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism, influencing political and social thought.
• American Revolution (1775-1783): The Thirteen Colonies in North America gained independence from Britain, leading to the establishment of the United States.
• French Revolution (1789-1799): Overthrew the French monarchy, leading to radical social and political changes in France and influencing global politics.

19th Century

• Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815): Series of conflicts involving Napoleon Bonaparte’s French Empire and various European coalitions, leading to significant political changes in Europe.
• Industrial Revolution: Rapid industrialization in Europe and North America, leading to economic, social, and technological changes.
• Colonialism and Imperialism: Expansion of European powers into Africa, Asia, and the Pacific, leading to significant global political and economic impacts.
• Revolutions of 1848: A series of interconnected revolutionary movements across Europe, driven by demands for national independence and democratic reforms.
• American Civil War (1861-1865): Conflict between the Northern states and Southern seceding states in the U.S. over issues including slavery and states’ rights.

20th Century

• World War I (1914-1918): A global conflict involving major world powers, leading to the redrawing of national boundaries and the Treaty of Versailles.
• Russian Revolution (1917): Led to the fall of the Russian Empire and the rise of the Soviet Union under Communist rule.
• World War II (1939-1945): A global war involving most of the world’s nations, leading to the emergence of the U.S. and the Soviet Union as superpowers and the beginning of the Cold War.
• Cold War (1947-1991): Political and military tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, influencing global alliances and conflicts.
• Decolonization: The process by which many countries in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean gained independence from European colonial powers.
• Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989): Symbolic end of the Cold War and the beginning of the reunification of East and West Germany.

21st Century

• Globalization: Increased interconnectedness and interdependence of economies, cultures, and populations.
• Rise of China: Emergence as a major global economic and political power.
• Middle East Conflicts: Ongoing issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Iraq War, and the Syrian Civil War.